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Hosni Mubarak
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Hosni Mubarak, born on May 4, 1928, in Kafr El-Meselha, Egypt, was an Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Mubarak began his career in the military, joining the Egyptian Air Force in 1949 and rising through the ranks due to his skill and leadership. He studied at the Egyptian Military Academy and later attended the Frunze Military Academy in the Soviet Union.
His military career flourished, particularly after his participation in the Six-Day War in 1967 and his instrumental role in reorganizing the Egyptian Air Force. Mubarak was promoted to the rank of Air Chief Marshal, and his reputation further solidified after the successful air operations during the Yom Kippur War in 1973.
In 1975, President Anwar Sadat appointed Mubarak as Vice President of Egypt, a position he held until Sadat's assassination in 1981. Following Sadat's death, Mubarak became president, initiating an era of relative stability for Egypt, though marked by authoritarianism. He maintained Egypt's relationship with the United States and upheld the peace treaty with Israel signed during Sadat’s tenure. Mubarak's regime focused on economic reforms and modernization, but his rule also became synonymous with political repression, censorship, and corruption.
Throughout his presidency, Mubarak faced opposition, both from Islamic extremists and political activists who criticized his tight control over the political process. He was the subject of multiple assassination attempts but survived each one. Despite this, his grip on power began to wane, especially with increasing public discontent due to high unemployment, poverty, and a lack of democratic freedoms.
Mubarak's rule finally came to an end in February 2011 during the Arab Spring, a series of protests that swept across the Middle East. In Egypt, mass protests broke out, demanding Mubarak's resignation. After 18 days of demonstrations, Mubarak stepped down on February 11, 2011, handing over power to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.
Following his resignation, Mubarak was put on trial for various charges, including corruption and the killing of protesters during the 2011 revolution. In 2012, he was sentenced to life in prison but was retried several times, resulting in different outcomes. He spent several years in custody and was finally released in 2017. Mubarak passed away on February 25, 2020, at the age of 91.
Mubarak's legacy remains contentious; while he is credited with maintaining stability in Egypt, his rule is also remembered for human rights abuses, corruption, and a lack of political freedoms. His long tenure in power, coupled with his fall during the Arab Spring, exemplifies the struggles between authoritarianism and calls for democracy in the modern Middle East.
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GOVERNING TIME LINE
Hosni Mubarak (1981-2011)**
- Assumed Office: Elected President after Sadat's assassination, taking office on October 14, 1981.
- Left Office: Resigned on February 11, 2011, following mass protests during the Arab Spring.